/* ==========================================================================
   Quasiqualia — shared refinement layer
   Loaded after each page's inline styles, so equal-specificity rules here win.
   Pages keep their own palette and layout; this file adds the finish:
   type scale, surfaces, sticky section bar, motion, and component polish.
   ========================================================================== */

/* ---------- tokens ---------- */
:root{
  --plate:#ffffff;
  --plate-edge:rgba(15,23,42,0.08);
  --hair:rgba(15,23,42,0.10);
  --shadow-sm:0 1px 2px rgba(15,23,42,0.04),0 1px 1px rgba(15,23,42,0.02);
  --shadow-md:0 1px 2px rgba(15,23,42,0.04),0 10px 28px -12px rgba(15,23,42,0.14);
  --shadow-lg:0 2px 6px rgba(15,23,42,0.04),0 28px 56px -20px rgba(15,23,42,0.22);
  --glass:rgba(255,255,255,0.80);
  --dot:rgba(15,23,42,0.10);
  --glow:rgba(20,184,166,0.09);
  --ease:cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);
}
/* Dark palette. The paper pages also carry it inline; this copy gives every page
   that links the stylesheet the same dark mode, including ones that lack it. */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark){
  :root:not([data-theme="light"]){
    --ink:#f2f4f7;--body:#c9d1dc;--muted:#8b95a5;--faint:#7d8695;
    --line:#2a323d;--line-soft:#1f262f;--bg:#0f1216;--wash:#151a20;--wash-2:#1b2129;
    --teal:#2dd4bf;--teal-bright:#5eead4;--teal-wash:rgba(45,212,191,0.10);
    --warm:#e39a3b;--warm-bright:#f0b75e;--warm-wash:rgba(227,154,59,0.12);
    --neg:#f08c94;--rule:#1f9182;
    --plate:#131820;
    --plate-edge:rgba(255,255,255,0.07);
    --hair:rgba(255,255,255,0.09);
    --shadow-sm:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.30);
    --shadow-md:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.30),0 12px 32px -12px rgba(0,0,0,0.55);
    --shadow-lg:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.30),0 30px 60px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.70);
    --glass:rgba(15,18,22,0.78);
    --dot:rgba(242,244,247,0.07);
    --glow:rgba(45,212,191,0.10);
    color-scheme:dark;
  }
}
:root[data-theme="dark"]{
  --ink:#f2f4f7;--body:#c9d1dc;--muted:#8b95a5;--faint:#7d8695;
  --line:#2a323d;--line-soft:#1f262f;--bg:#0f1216;--wash:#151a20;--wash-2:#1b2129;
  --teal:#2dd4bf;--teal-bright:#5eead4;--teal-wash:rgba(45,212,191,0.10);
  --warm:#e39a3b;--warm-bright:#f0b75e;--warm-wash:rgba(227,154,59,0.12);
  --neg:#f08c94;--rule:#1f9182;
  --plate:#131820;
  --plate-edge:rgba(255,255,255,0.07);
  --hair:rgba(255,255,255,0.09);
  --shadow-sm:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.30);
  --shadow-md:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.30),0 12px 32px -12px rgba(0,0,0,0.55);
  --shadow-lg:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.30),0 30px 60px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.70);
  --glass:rgba(15,18,22,0.78);
  --dot:rgba(242,244,247,0.07);
  --glow:rgba(45,212,191,0.10);
  color-scheme:dark;
}

/* ---------- base ---------- */
body{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;font-feature-settings:"kern","liga";
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}
::selection{background:rgba(20,184,166,0.22);color:inherit}
:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--teal);outline-offset:3px;border-radius:4px}
[id]{scroll-margin-top:72px}
p{text-wrap:pretty}
h1,h2,h3{text-wrap:balance}

/* prose links: quiet ink with a teal underline, never the UA blue */
main a:where(:not([class])),
.callout a:where(:not([class])),
footer .colophon a{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:underline;
  text-decoration-color:rgba(20,184,166,0.55);text-decoration-thickness:1px;
  text-underline-offset:3px;transition:color .2s,text-decoration-color .2s}
main a:where(:not([class])):hover,
.callout a:where(:not([class])):hover{color:var(--teal);text-decoration-color:var(--teal)}
#notes p a{border-bottom:0;text-decoration:underline;
  text-decoration-color:rgba(20,184,166,0.55);text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:3px}
#notes p a:hover{text-decoration-color:var(--teal)}

/* ---------- type scale ---------- */
h1{font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(38px,5.6vw,60px);line-height:1.05;
  letter-spacing:-0.022em;margin-bottom:26px;
  font-variant-ligatures:common-ligatures discretionary-ligatures}
h2{font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(27px,3.1vw,35px);line-height:1.18;
  letter-spacing:-0.016em;margin-bottom:24px}
h3{letter-spacing:-0.005em}
.standfirst{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:400;font-size:clamp(18.5px,1.75vw,20.5px);
  line-height:1.58;color:var(--body);max-width:34em;margin-bottom:30px;letter-spacing:-0.003em}
.standfirst strong{font-weight:500;color:var(--ink)}

/* eyebrows and section labels: a short leading rule */
.eyebrow{display:block;letter-spacing:0.16em;font-size:12px;margin-bottom:26px}
.eyebrow::before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:26px;height:1px;
  background:currentColor;vertical-align:middle;margin:-2px 12px 0 0;opacity:.7}
.sec-label{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.16em;margin-bottom:16px}
.sec-label::before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:18px;height:1px;
  background:currentColor;vertical-align:middle;margin:-2px 10px 0 0;opacity:.6}
.sec-intro{font-family:var(--serif);font-style:italic;font-size:16.5px;line-height:1.6}

/* ---------- top bar ---------- */
.topbar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.topbar .wrap{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;align-items:center}
.wordmark{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-weight:500;gap:11px}
.wm-mark{width:24px;height:24px}
.theme-toggle{margin-left:auto;background:none;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:999px;width:34px;height:34px;
  display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;color:var(--muted);cursor:pointer;padding:0;align-self:center}
.theme-toggle svg{width:16px;height:16px}
.theme-toggle:hover{color:var(--teal);border-color:var(--teal)}
.theme-toggle{border-color:var(--hair);transition:color .2s,border-color .2s,background .2s,transform .4s var(--ease)}
.theme-toggle:hover{background:var(--wash);transform:rotate(180deg)}
.papers-group{gap:14px}
.papers-label{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:0.2em}

/* paper tabs as a segmented control */
.tabs{gap:2px;padding:4px;background:var(--wash-2);border:1px solid var(--hair);
  border-radius:999px;flex-wrap:nowrap}
.tab{border:0;border-radius:999px;padding:8px 16px;font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;
  transition:color .2s,background .25s var(--ease),box-shadow .25s var(--ease)}
.tab:hover{color:var(--ink);background:rgba(127,127,127,0.07)}
.tab.active,.tab.active:hover{color:var(--ink);background:var(--plate);
  box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm),0 0 0 1px var(--plate-edge)}
.tab.active i{color:var(--teal)}
@media(max-width:860px){
  .papers-group{width:100%;min-width:0}
  .tabs{max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;scrollbar-width:none;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;gap:2px}
  .tabs::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}
  .tab{font-size:11.5px;padding:8px 13px}
}
/* phones: the three papers as a stacked segmented list, nothing clipped */
@media(max-width:700px){
  .tabs{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;border-radius:16px;overflow:visible}
  .tab{text-align:left;border-radius:12px;padding:10px 14px;gap:0}
}

/* ---------- definition band ---------- */
.defband .wrap{padding-top:18px;padding-bottom:18px;font-size:14.5px}
.defband .term{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.1em}

/* ---------- video ---------- */
.videoband .wrap{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:34px}
.videoband video{border:1px solid var(--plate-edge);border-radius:14px;box-shadow:var(--shadow-lg)}
.videoband .vcap{margin-top:16px}

/* ---------- sticky section bar ---------- */
.subnav{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:40;background:var(--glass);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter:saturate(1.6) blur(14px);backdrop-filter:saturate(1.6) blur(14px);
  border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);transition:box-shadow .3s var(--ease)}
.subnav .wrap{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}
.subnav .topnav{gap:0 28px;min-height:50px;align-items:center}
.subnav .topnav a{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.06em;padding:4px 0;transition:color .2s}
.subnav .topnav a:hover{color:var(--ink)}
.subnav .topnav a.is-active{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:underline;
  text-decoration-color:var(--teal);text-decoration-thickness:1.5px;text-underline-offset:7px}
.subnav.is-stuck{box-shadow:0 10px 30px -18px rgba(15,23,42,0.35)}
.subnav::after{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:-1px;height:2px;
  background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--teal),var(--teal-bright));
  transform-origin:0 50%;transform:scaleX(var(--qq-progress,0));opacity:0;
  transition:opacity .3s}
.subnav.is-stuck::after{opacity:1}
@media(max-width:700px){
  .subnav .topnav{flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;scrollbar-width:none;gap:0 22px;min-height:46px;
    -webkit-mask-image:linear-gradient(90deg,#000 88%,transparent);mask-image:linear-gradient(90deg,#000 88%,transparent);
    padding-right:28px}
  .subnav .topnav::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}
  .subnav .topnav a{white-space:nowrap}
}

/* ---------- hero ---------- */
.hero{position:relative;isolation:isolate;overflow:hidden;padding:104px 0 88px}
.hero::before{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:-1;pointer-events:none;
  background-image:radial-gradient(circle at 1px 1px,var(--dot) 1px,transparent 0);
  background-size:22px 22px;
  -webkit-mask-image:radial-gradient(ellipse 55% 75% at 82% 30%,#000 0%,transparent 72%);
  mask-image:radial-gradient(ellipse 55% 75% at 82% 30%,#000 0%,transparent 72%)}
.hero::after{content:"";position:absolute;z-index:-1;pointer-events:none;
  width:720px;height:720px;right:-180px;top:-300px;border-radius:50%;
  background:radial-gradient(closest-side,var(--glow),transparent)}
.hero .wrap>.hero-emblem{width:232px;padding:14px;background:var(--plate);
  border:1px solid var(--plate-edge);border-radius:24px;box-shadow:var(--shadow-lg);
  overflow:visible}
@media(max-width:760px){
  .hero{padding:64px 0 56px}
  .hero .wrap>.hero-emblem{width:200px;margin-top:34px;padding:12px;border-radius:20px}
}
.authors{font-size:15px}
.affil{font-size:13px;margin-top:6px;letter-spacing:0.01em}
.cta{gap:12px}

/* buttons: pills with a travelling arrow */
.btn{border-radius:999px;padding:13px 24px;font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:0.06em;
  transition:background .25s var(--ease),color .25s,border-color .25s,box-shadow .25s var(--ease),transform .25s var(--ease)}
.btn-primary{color:var(--bg);box-shadow:var(--shadow-md)}
.btn-primary::after{content:"\2192";display:inline-block;margin-left:10px;
  transition:transform .25s var(--ease)}
.btn-primary:hover{color:var(--bg);transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:var(--shadow-lg)}
.btn-primary:hover::after{transform:translateX(3px)}
.btn-ghost{border-color:var(--line);background:var(--plate)}
.btn-ghost:hover{background:var(--wash);border-color:var(--teal)}

/* ---------- equilibrium band ---------- */
.equilibrium .wrap{padding-top:56px;padding-bottom:60px}
.eq-formula{font-weight:400;font-size:50px;letter-spacing:-0.01em}
.eq-legend i{font-size:18px}
@media(max-width:700px){.eq-formula{font-size:32px}}

/* ---------- stat strip ---------- */
.stats .wrap{align-items:stretch}
.stat{padding:30px 22px 32px}
.stat b{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(20px,2vw,23.5px);
  line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-0.012em;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums}
.stat b::before{width:20px;margin-bottom:14px}
.stat span{display:block;font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:8px;letter-spacing:0.005em}
@media(max-width:700px){.stat{padding:24px 16px 26px}.stat b{font-size:20px}}

/* ---------- sections ---------- */
section{padding:88px 0}
@media(max-width:700px){section{padding:64px 0}}
#revisions{padding:28px 0}

/* notes: each note opens with a hairline and generous air */
#notes .sec-label[style*="margin-top"]{padding-top:4rem;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}

/* ---------- callouts ---------- */
.callout{border:1px solid rgba(20,184,166,0.20);border-left:2px solid var(--teal);
  border-radius:4px 14px 14px 4px;
  background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--teal-wash),transparent 75%),var(--plate);
  padding:24px 28px;margin:32px 0;box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm)}
.callout .tag{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:0.16em;margin-bottom:10px}
.callout .tag::before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:6px;height:6px;border-radius:50%;
  background:currentColor;vertical-align:middle;margin:-2px 9px 0 0}
.callout p{line-height:1.62}

/* ---------- figures as plates ---------- */
figure{padding:0}
figure.solo{padding:0;margin:44px 0}
.figrow{gap:24px;margin:44px 0}
figure img{background:var(--plate);border:1px solid var(--plate-edge);border-radius:14px;
  box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);padding:18px}
.figrow img{padding:16px}
@media(max-width:700px){figure img,.figrow img{padding:10px;border-radius:12px}}
figcaption{border-bottom:0;padding:0 4px;margin-top:16px;font-size:13.5px}
figcaption b{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:0.06em;margin-right:4px}

/* ---------- tables ---------- */
.tbl{margin:32px 0}
.tbl caption{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:0.16em;padding-bottom:12px}
.tbl th{font-weight:500;font-size:13px;border-top:1px solid var(--ink);
  border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:11px;padding-bottom:11px}
.tbl tr:last-child td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--ink)}
.tbl td{transition:background .2s}
.tbl td.neg{color:var(--neg,#a33f44)}

/* ---------- download cards ---------- */
.cards{gap:14px;margin-top:34px}
.card{position:relative;background:var(--plate);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:14px;
  padding:22px 22px 18px;gap:8px;box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm);
  transition:transform .3s var(--ease),box-shadow .3s var(--ease),border-color .3s}
.card b{padding-right:20px;line-height:1.35;letter-spacing:-0.005em}
.card span{line-height:1.55}
.card em{align-self:flex-start;margin-top:6px;padding:3px 9px;border-radius:6px;
  background:var(--teal-wash);font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:0.12em;line-height:1.6}
a.card::after{content:"\2197";position:absolute;top:18px;right:18px;font-size:14px;
  line-height:1;color:var(--faint);transition:transform .3s var(--ease),color .3s}
a.card:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:var(--shadow-lg);border-color:rgba(20,184,166,0.45)}
a.card:hover::after{color:var(--teal);transform:translate(2px,-2px)}

/* ---------- disclosures ---------- */
details.note{border-color:var(--line);border-radius:14px;background:var(--plate);
  box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm);overflow:hidden}
details.note summary{list-style:none;padding:16px 22px;font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;
  transition:color .2s,background .2s}
details.note summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}
details.note summary::before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:7px;height:7px;
  border-right:1.5px solid currentColor;border-bottom:1.5px solid currentColor;
  transform:rotate(-45deg);vertical-align:middle;margin:-3px 14px 0 2px;
  transition:transform .25s var(--ease)}
details.note[open] summary::before{transform:rotate(45deg);margin-top:-6px}
details.note summary:hover{background:var(--wash)}
details.note>div{padding:22px 24px 8px}

/* ---------- citation ---------- */
pre.bibtex{border-radius:14px;background:var(--wash);border-color:var(--line);
  padding:24px 26px;font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.7}
.copybtn{border-radius:999px;padding:9px 18px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.06em;
  background:var(--plate);transition:color .2s,border-color .2s,background .2s}
.copybtn:hover{background:var(--wash)}

/* ---------- footer ---------- */
footer{position:relative;padding:72px 0 64px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);
  background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--wash),var(--bg) 85%)}
footer::before{content:"";display:block;width:58px;height:45px;margin:0 auto 40px;
  background:var(--teal);opacity:.85;
  -webkit-mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='12 30 76 40'%3E%3Cpath d='M 14 50 C 18 50, 20 37, 24 37 C 32 37, 32 63, 40 63 C 45 63, 47.5 56.5, 50 50 C 52.5 43.5, 55 37, 60 37 C 68 37, 68 63, 76 63 C 80 63, 83 50, 86 50' fill='none' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='2.6' stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3C/svg%3E") center/contain no-repeat;
  mask:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='12 30 76 40'%3E%3Cpath d='M 14 50 C 18 50, 20 37, 24 37 C 32 37, 32 63, 40 63 C 45 63, 47.5 56.5, 50 50 C 52.5 43.5, 55 37, 60 37 C 68 37, 68 63, 76 63 C 80 63, 83 50, 86 50' fill='none' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='2.6' stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3C/svg%3E") center/contain no-repeat}
footer .wrap{align-items:center;padding-top:28px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
footer a{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.06em;transition:color .2s}
.colophon{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.02em}

/* ---------- motion (enabled by qq.js; content stays visible without it) ---------- */
.qq-motion :is(figure,.cards,.callout,.tbl,pre.bibtex):not(.qq-in){opacity:0;transform:translateY(16px)}
.qq-motion :is(figure,.cards,.callout,.tbl,pre.bibtex){
  transition:opacity .9s var(--ease),transform .9s var(--ease)}
.qq-motion .figrow figure:nth-child(2){transition-delay:.08s}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){
  .qq-motion :is(figure,.cards,.callout,.tbl,pre.bibtex){opacity:1!important;transform:none!important;transition:none}
  .btn,.card,.tab,.theme-toggle{transition:none}
}

/* ---------- print ---------- */
@media print{
  .subnav,.theme-toggle,.videoband,.copybtn,.skiplink{display:none!important}
  .hero::before,.hero::after,footer::before{display:none}
  .qq-motion *{opacity:1!important;transform:none!important}
  figure img,.card,.callout,details.note{box-shadow:none}
}